達富, 公義

(1)
今日NY Times有一封讀者來信是這樣說的:

To the Editor:

“Intervention, Hailed as a Concept, Is Shunned in Practice” (Diplomatic Memo, Jan. 20) rightly points out that Darfur is a test of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1674, which commits the nations of the world to intervene to protect civilians facing mass atrocities.

The MacArthur Foundation supports organizations that aim to make the “responsibility to protect” a universally applied norm, not just a noble aspiration. But intervention is only one element of the pursuit of justice.

The sad truth is the crisis in Darfur has persisted for so long and the atrocities have run so deep that accountability is just as important as intervention. Even if the nations of the world successfully intervene now, Darfur will not know lasting peace unless justice is brought to the people who perpetrated the crimes.

Last May, the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for Ahmad Haroun, a government minister, and Ali Kushayb, a leader of the janjaweed militias. Sudan has not turned the men over and has instead defied the international community by protecting Mr. Kushayb; promoting Mr. Haroun to humanitarian affairs minister; and recently appointing Musa Hilal, another notorious janjaweed leader, to be special adviser to the minister of federal affairs.

The United States, along with China, Russia and other members of the United Nation Security Council, should recommit themselves to the values that inspired the responsibility to protect, pressure Sudan to turn over Mr. Haroun and Mr. Kushayb, and see that justice is served in Darfur.

Jonathan F. Fanton
Chicago, Jan. 25, 2008

The writer is president of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

(2)
2006年通過的United Nations Security Council Resolution 1674中有一段是這樣說的:

10. Demands that all States fully implement all relevant decisions of the Security Council, and in this regard cooperate fully with United Nations peacekeeping missions and country teams in the follow-up and implementation of these resolutions;

11. Calls upon all parties concerned to ensure that all peace processes, peace agreements and post-conflict recovery and reconstruction planning have regard for the special needs of women and children and include specific measures for the protection of civilians including

1. (i) the cessation of attacks on civilians,
2. (ii) the facilitation of the provision of humanitarian assistance,
3. (iii) the creation of conditions conducive to the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons,
4. (iv) the facilitation of early access to education and training,
5. (v) the re-establishment of the rule of law, and
6. (vi) the ending of impunity;

12. Recalls the prohibition of the forcible displacement of civilians in situations of armed conflict under circumstances that are in violation of parties' obligations under international humanitarian law;

還有, 很理想的:

Recognizing the important role that education can play in supporting efforts to halt and prevent abuses committed against civilians affected by armed conflict, in particular efforts to prevent sexual exploitation, trafficking in humans, and violations of applicable international law regarding the recruitment and re-recruitment of child soldiers,

Recalling the particular impact which armed conflict has on women and children, including as refugees and internally displaced persons, as well as on other civilians who may have specific vulnerabilities, and stressing the protection and assistance needs of all affected civilian populations,

不過, 大前提是:

Reaffirming its commitment to the Purposes of the Charter of the United Nations as set out in Article 1 (1-4) of the Charter, and to the Principles of the Charter as set out in Article 2 (1-7) of the Charter, including its commitment to the principles of the political independence, sovereign equality and territorial integrity of all States, and respect for the sovereignty of all States,

到頭來, 只有這一句是真的:

Expressing its deep regret that civilians account for the vast majority of casualties in situations of armed conflict,